acs 600 vfd manual

Auxiliary Circuits Action Information WARNING. When voltage is connected to the input terminals of the supply section, the voltage will also be connected to the auxiliary control unit and to auxiliary circuits - also to the ones wired to drive sections. Auxiliary Circuits Action Information WARNING.IGBT Supply Unit Action Information WARNING. When connecting voltage to the IBGT supply unit, the DC busbars will become live, as will all the inverters connected to the DC busbars. Action Information WARNING. When starting the IGBT supply unit, the DC busbars will become live, as will all the inverters connected to the DC busbars. Make sure that it is safe to start the IGBT supply unit. Supply Started Action Information WARNING.Both values have an own alarm LED, which illuminates if reading is below these selected response values. In Case of an Earth Fault An earth fault closes the measuring circuit. These parameters are not visible to the user unless passcode is entered for the Parameter Lock in Parameter 16.03 PASS CODE. These parameters are not allowed to be changed without ABB’s permission. ACA 635 IGBT Supply Sections. The digital signal processor Motorola 56002 is used in the ACS 600 product family to achieve sufficient speed. Code Parameter Unit Description 99.07 LINE SIDE ID RUN Manual identification run 99.08 AUTO LINE ID RUN Automatic identification run 2.07 150.02 DC REF INITIALIZ Nominal DC reference 150.01 FLUX REF USED Nominal flux reference 115.03 50 HZ IDENTIFICA. Code Parameter Unit Description 140.10 ZERO VECT LENGTH 200 ms Length of the short-circuit pulse 140.11 PHASE LOSS LIMIT Current limit for short-circuit current 99.06 FAST SYNC One short-circuit pulse is used Fault 9.02 SUPPLY PHASE. The DC bus can be charged and the modulator started separately via fieldbus. The DC bus can be charged in two ways: 1. Level Start is enabled by Parameter 21.01 LEVEL START selection YES.

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Study the complete safety instructions carefully. Dangerous voltages may be present between the control boards and the frame of the converter unit, when the main circuit voltage is on. It is critical that the measuring instruments, such as an oscilloscope, are used with caution and safety as a high priority. The ACA 635 must be supplied with a transformer dedicated to drives and motors or equipment of equal or higher power, or with a transformer equipped with two secondary windings, one of which is dedicated to drives and motors. Resonances might occur if there is capacitive load (e.g. See the required Electrical Installation of Hardware Manual (EN general data from the ACS 600 MultiDrive Safety and Product code: 63700118) or Information guide (or Appendix A in ACx 6x7 Hardware Manual, EN. Two line currents and DC link voltage are measured and used for the control. The control boards are similar to the boards of the inverter. The measuring points are given in the main circuit diagram above.Each harmonic is presented as a percentage of the fundamental voltage.Two ACS 600 MultiDrive drive sections are drawn in the diagram, in reality the number of them with ISU varies. One NAMC board controls the converter module. It is located in the Auxiliary Control Unit inside the Drive Control Unit (NDCU) box as well as the NIOC board. The supply section is equipped with an a.c. The parallel configuration is allowed only with a supply transformer equipped with two secondary windings. The configuration is beneficial when the braking is continuous and the drive is not allowed to stop if the supply network trips for a short time. Action Information Check that the mechanical and electrical installation of the See ACS 600 MultiDrive Hardware Manual (EN code: 63700118) or ACx frequency converter is inspected and OK. 6x7 Hardware Manual (EN code:61329005). Voltage Connected Action Information WARNING. Ensure that the disconnector of the supply transformer is locked to open position, i.e.

Trend Monitoring with Example 1. U intermediate circuit DC voltage. P is converter supply power. P, U Par. 21.02 Par. 21.04 Par. 21.03 Modulation Modulation starts stops ACA 635 IGBT Supply Sections 8-17. Note: Check the motor insulation requirement.Note: only English is available at the time of (2) DEUTSCH publishing. The weights are estimates and apply to units with basic Weights options and aluminium DC busbars. The width and weight of the auxiliary control unit are included: 400 mm (for frame sizes R8i and R9i, approximately 100 kg) or 600 mm (for frame sizes R11i and above, approximately 150 kg). Ambient Conditions See ACS 600 MultiDrive Safety and Product Information (EN code: 63982229) guide or ACx 6x7 Hardware Manual (EN code: 61329005). Efficiency 97 % at nominal power level ACA 635 IGBT Supply Sections. Only ultra rapid fuses guarantee proper protection for the rectifier semiconductors. Equivalent fuses from other manufacturers can also be used.IGBT Supply Section AC The a.c. IGBT Supply IGBT Supply Size Type Size Type Section Frame Section Frame Type Type 415 V and 500 V Range 690 V Range R8i, R10i 660V. Type Holes for cable Number of Bottom plate Number of lugs per phase cable entries opening cable entries at at bottom dimensions top (diameter (diameter 60 mm) 60 mm) The NDCU-22 with an NAMC-22 board and an NIOC- NDCU-2x 01 board looks similar.The modular connectors on the NIOC board are not intended for the Control Panel.The diagrams do not necessarily match with each delivery. The wiring varies depending on the power rating and the selected equipment. Since the Run Status is Run Disabled (p. 2-3 of ACS600 firmware manual; link below), the 0.5 hp motor doesn't spin. The VFD is second hand and I was hoping I could make it work to control my motor. The control panel lights up and I get response from the Analog Inputs. The DC bus voltage is at 302 V as read off the control panel of the VFD.

In Level Start mode the ISU starts modulating after the DC link voltage exceeds a preset limit and modulates only when power flows from DC link to network. The lost supply voltage is identified with current and DC voltage measurement. When the ISU detects that the current has been below the value of Parameter 142.01 NET LOST CUR LIM for the time defined by Parameter 142.02 ZERO CUR DELAY, an alarm (Parameter 9.12 SUPPLY ALARM WORD bit 10 NET LOST) is generated. S1, S2 and S3 denote the power switches. Direct torque and flux ASICs hysteresis control Torque bits Hysteresis Optimal Flux bits. The value of Par. A block diagram of the DC voltage controller is presented below.Code Parameter Unit Description 121.01 GAIN REL Initial gain 121.02 DERIVATION TIME Initial derivation time 121.03 GAIN REL CALC Calculated relative gain 121.04 DER TIME CALC Calculated derivation time 121.05 DC CTRL INTEG Initial integration time. In case the current limit is not reached (when the ramped reactive power reference has been controlled to zero), the internal control, secondly, lowers the ramped d.c. Increasing the ISU flux length higher than the network flux length, capacitive power is generated to the network and vice versa. CAUTION! Do not attempt any measurement, parts replacement or other service procedure not described in this manual. Check the condition of the bearings of the fan motor by rotating fan motor manually. Change: Indicator LEDs on the NINT and NXPP damaged motor, Boards. The control word is a 16-bit packed boolean word displayed as a hex value and updated at 10 ms intervals. Parameter 7.01 MAIN CTRL WORD (Control word of the line converter) Name Value Description. If this bit is 1 write down the value of Parameter 9.03. Control board NINT 1 (of phase module block 1) is connected to branching unit board NPBU channel CH1, NINT 2 is connected to channel CH2 etc. The parameters are unconnected. They can be used for linking, testing and commissioning purposes.

Just fellow tradesmen who enjoy talking about their business, their trade, and anything else that comes up. No matter what your specialty is you'll find that ElectricianTalk.com is a great community to join. Best of all it's totally free! It's a one-time procedure, UNLESS you reset the drive to factory defaults, in which case you must do it all over again.It's a one-time procedure, UNLESS you reset the drive to factory defaults, in which case you must do it all over again.I totally agree the ID Procedure is the way to go. My problem is that my VFD is Run Disabled and I can't Enable the drive to run. I completed the ABB Start Up Procedure, but when I tried the ID Run I could not complete this step since the drive is run disabled. So, what I need is to enable the drive so I can complete the ID Run. I guess my question is: is there any way to enable the drive to run taking into consideration information in my original post?It should be a terminal block set aside for that purpose, so all you need is a short piece of wire.User Alert System provided by. By using our website and services, you expressly agree to the placement of our performance, functionality and advertising cookies. Please see our Privacy Policy for more information. Update your browser for more security, comfort and the best experience for this site. Try Findchips PRO Note! Whenever the ACS 100 detects a fault condition, the fault relay activates. The motor, input is below the level given by parameter 401 (AI min), a fault indication is displayed and the ACS,. 31 Fault Resetting. 31 ACS 100 EMC, unit type (see S).Order Nominal code motor ACS 101-3) P N 2, Standard seriesNew Order Nominal code motor ACS 103-3) P N 2) kW ACS 143-3) K75-1 0.37 1K1-1, -FLT-C and ACS 140-FLT-C allows motor cable up to 100 m length. Please contact ABB distributor. Protection, gases (IEC 721-3-3).The motor stops and the ACS 400 will wait to be reset. If the fault still, Hp, 460 Volt AC Induction Motors ABB Automation Inc.

It seems like the VFD works and when I bought it was listed as working when taken out of service. I would like to point out that I have bypassed the line reactor and I'm using a single phase rectifier connected directly to the DC link. I understand that there are consequences associated with doing this and I accept these consequences. However, if this is the cause of my problem, I'd like to know. Based on this, it seems like the VFD unit works I'm just missing some setting somewhere that allows me to enable the VFD to run. I went through the ABB set up procedure for the FACTORY application macro and was able to enter all my information into Group 99 (start up). Note that for 99.03 I answered yes to restore the factory settings. I did this hoping it would clear all parameters set by the previous user and restore the factory settings. I'm not sure the extent to which setting this parameter applies, so I'm also wondering if there is a parameter still set by the previous user that is not allowing me to enable the drive from the Control Panel. When I depress the Start button on the Control Panel (in Local mode), it takes me to the Actuals screen and the drive doesn't start. Again, I'm confident this is because the run status is Run Disabled. There is no fault history other than ID MAG REQ warnings and I only get those warnings because the parameter changes made to Group 99. Has anyone had experience with this or thoughts about how to enable the Run Status on my ABB ACS600. Maybe because I've bypassed the line reactor with a single phase rectifier the VFD won't let me enable the drive. Any thoughts on how it would know this. I'm using the FACTORY application macro for the initial set up.If so we invite you to join our community and see what it has to offer. Our site is specifically designed for you and it's the leading place for electricians to meet online. No homeowners asking DIY questions.

x for ACS 600 Frequency Converters Neglecting these instructions can cause physical injury and death. WARNING! All electrical installation and maintenance work on the ACx 600 should be carried out by qualified electricians. Any installation and maintenance work must be done with the power off and power is not to be reconnected until the installation work is complete. Dangerous residual voltages remain in capacitors when the disconnecting device is opened. Wait 5 minutes after switching off the supply before starting work. If the main circuit of the inverter unit is live, the motor terminals are also live even if the motor is not running. Open the fuse switches of all parallel connected inverters before installation or maintenance work in any of them. Check the cable connections at the shipping split joints before switching on the supply voltage. If the auxiliary voltage circuit of the ACS 600 is powered from an external power supply, opening the disconnecting device does not remove all voltages. Before starting work, check which circuits remain live after opening of the disconnecting device by referring to the circuit diagrams for you particular delivery. Ensure by measuring that the part of the cabinet you are working on is not live. ACS 600 Firmware Manual, System Application Program 6.x i 6 Safety In ACx 600 frequency converters, control boards of the converterunit may be at the main circuit potential. Dangerous voltages may bepresent between the control cards and the frame of the converterunit, when the main circuit voltage is on. It is critical that the use of measuring instruments, such as an oscilloscope, are used with caution and safety and always a priority. The fault tracing instructionsgive a special mention of cases in which measurements may be performed on the control boards, also indicating the measuring method to be used. Live parts on the inside of doors are protected against direct contact.

Special attention shall be paid to safety when handling shrouds made of sheet metal. Do not make any voltage withstand tests on any part of the unit while the unit is connected. Disconnect the motor cables before making any measurements on the motors or motor cables. WARNING! Close fuse switches of all parallel connected inverters before starting the frequency converter. Do not open the drive section switch fuses when the inverter is running. Do not use Prevention of Unexpected Start for stopping the drive when the inverter is running. Give a Stop command instead. CAUTION! Fans may continue to rotate for a while after the disconnection of the electrical supply. CAUTION! Some parts, like heatsinks of power semiconductors inside of cabinet remain hot for a while after the disconnection of the electrical supply. It also explains the terms used in this manual and lists related publications. The purpose of this manual is to provide you with the information necessary to control and program the drive. Read through this manual before commencing start-up. The installation and commissioning instructions given in the ACS 600 MultiDrive Hardware Manual must also be read before proceeding. Study carefully the Safety Instructions before attempting any work on, or with, the unit. What This Manual Contains Safety Instructions can be found at the beginning of this manual. Chapter 1 Introduction to This Manual, the chapter you are reading now, introduces you to this manual. Chapter 2 Start-Up, explains the Start-up procedure. Chapter 3 Software Description, explains the operation of the System Application Program. Chapter 4 Signals, introduces you to the measured or calculated signals. Chapter 5 Parameters, lists the System Application Program parameters and explains their functions. Chapter 6 Overview of CDP 312 Control Panel, describes the operation of the CDP 312 Control Panel used for controlling and programming.

All Rights Reserved. Safety Warning! The ACS, information, contact the factory or your local ABB sales representative. ACS 400 User's Manual iii The motor and all accessories must be earthed through ACS 300. All the, instrument) that the frequency converter is in fact unpowered before beginning work. The ACS 300 motor, other faults may cause stoppages. Correcting the fault may cause the motor to restart. Take all, motor and does not separate the drive from dangerous potential. ACS 300 User's Manual Product, Parameters, lists and explains the drive parameters. Chapter 8 - Fault Tracing, describes ACS 300 fault All Rights Reserved. Safety Instructions Overview This chapter states the, are used to inform of conditions which can, if proper steps are not taken, lead to a serious fault, converter, the motor or the motor cable. It is good practice to check (with a voltage indicating instrument) that the drive is in fact discharged before beginning work. The motor cable terminals of the Note! Whenever the ACS 140 detects a fault condition, the fault relay activates. The motor stops and the ACS 140 will wait to be reset. If the fault still persists and no. Group 26: Motor Control. Motor cable shield Follow local rules for cable cross-sections, LED 19 Motor Cable Shield Power output to motor DC Terminals for optional ACS braking All Rights Reserved. Safety Instructions Overview This The power supply and motor cables are connected into a, 1 I N D U S T R I A L P O W E R Motor DRIVES Meet Changing Demands by Tara Lynn, installation; short run times; and reduced fault finding, power consumption and space requirements are of,, and utilize insulated gate bipolar transistors to provide quiet motor operation.

The Varispeed626M5 Motor sizes 56 to 71 Motor sizes 90 to 100 8 Motor size 80 ABB LV Motors, ABB 's General purpose motor is designed for use in general industry, meeting the demands of standard, three classes giving motor manufacturers an incentive to qualify for a higher class. IM B3 IM V5 IM V6 IM B6 IM B7, the General purpose motor range ABB offers motors designed for both Direct On Line (DOL) and Safety instructions Overview This chapter states the, working on the frequency converter, the motor or the motor cable. The motor, of motor operation. There can be dangerous voltages inside the drive from external control circuits Building, functions typically associated with high perform ance drives.Use page 5 as a reference section for more information. Type code: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, Options External options - Choice 2: Build up your own ordering code using the simple 7-step approach below and then contact your local ABB Drive Sales Office.Type code, output chokes Type code Max. The ABB component drives meet the requirements of OEMs, installation A listing of ABB sales, support, that the drive has experienced a fault.Type code stucture: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 OR ACS350 - Choice 2: Build up your own ordering code using the simple 7-step approach below. Each Inverter controlled, Figure 4 where an inverter output line to line voltage at low motor speed is depicted for two different, ABB.Fault Codes for GTO Reference Fault Code Symptom Possible Cause Possible Solution FL01 (CP. Reset the fault. Drive will check for shorted cells, motor leads or ground faults. Fault 15 will be the, remove the aluminum and plastic protection panels needlessly during fault tracing. This is usually, replace protective panels before operating unit. 2 Kit instructions 1352C-Plus GTO Fault Codes Fault code indications (Table 1) as displayed on the CP-1 Control Panel will help to isolate a. System Application Program 6.

Chapter 7 Fault Tracing, introduces you to the protections and fault tracing of ACS 600. Chapter 8 Terms, gives complete listing of the terms used in this manual. ACS 600 Firmware Manual, System Application Program 6.x 1-1 14 Chapter 1 Introduction to This Manual 1-2 ACS 600 Firmware Manual, System Application Program 6.x 15 Chapter 2 Start-up Overview General Start-up Instructions This chapter describes the basic start-up procedure of the ACS 600. The instructions are given as a step-by-step table. A more detailed description of the parameters involved in the procedure is presented in the chapter Parameters. The ACS 600 frequency converter can be operated: locally from its Control Panel or the DriveWindow PC tool. The start-up procedure presented uses the DriveWindow program. (For information on the functions of DriveWindow, see its on-line help.) However, parameter settings can also be given via the Control Panel. To display references without Data Logger, connect and scale the analogue outputs to an oscilloscope. The start-up procedure includes actions that need only be taken when powering up the ACS 600 for the first time in a new installation (e.g. entering the motor data). After the start-up, the ACS 600 can be powered up without using these start-up functions again. The start-up procedure can be repeated later if the start-up data needs to be altered. Refer to the chapter Fault Tracing in case problems should arise. In case of a major problem, disconnect mains power and wait for 5 minutes before attempting any work on the unit, the motor, or the motor cable. ACS 600 Firmware Manual, System Application Program 6.x 2-1 16 Chapter 2 Start-up START-UP PROCEDURE Follow the safety instructions during the start-up procedure. The start-up procedure should only be carried out by a qualified electrician. Check the mechanical and electrical installation and the commissioning of the drive section from the ACS 600 XXX Hardware Manual (Code 3AFY ).

Connect optical cables temporarily between the NAMC board channel CH3 and the DDCS communication (NISA) card or PCMCIA card in the PC. When using a PCMCIA card, follow the instructions included in the DriveWindow kit. Disconnect the overriding system link from channel CH0 of the NAMC board. 1. POWER-UP Apply mains power. Start the DriveWindow program. Select the DDCS protocol. Switch the DriveWindow program into Local control mode. 2-2 ACS 600 Firmware Manual, System Application Program 6.x 17 Chapter 2 Start-up START-UP PROCEDURE 2. START-UP DATA 2.1 Entering and Checking Data Upload the parameter and signal list. Select the language (if available). Reload the parameter and signal list from the Drive menu.Field Weakening Point Values! Cat. no. Download the parameters. ACS 600 Firmware Manual, System Application Program 6.x 2-3 18 Chapter 2 Start-up START-UP PROCEDURE 2.2 Activating the Optional Modules Activate all optional modules connected to channel CH1 of the NAMC board. Parameter Groups Checking the Prevention of Nexpected Start-up and Emergency Stop Circuit. Set the number of pulses per revolution for the encoder. Check the other parameters settings in Parameter Group SPEED SCALING SPEED FB SEL ENCODER PULSE NR. Parameter Group 50 SPEED MEASUREMENT Reset and start the motor. DriveWindow Drives Panel The stator resistance and other electrical losses are identified and stored into FPROM memory. The motor shaft is not rotating during the FIRST START. The motor stops after the FIRST START has been performed. Start the motor again. DriveWindow Drives Panel Enter a small (e.g. 50 rpm) value for the speed reference. Check that the motor shaft actually turns to the correct direction and the polarity of the speed measurement is correct. DriveWindow Drives Panel ACS 600 Firmware Manual, System Application Program 6.

x 2-5 20 Chapter 2 Start-up START-UP PROCEDURE When the motor is rotating in the correct direction and the speed reference is positive, then the actual speed in Signal 1.03 SPEED MEASURED must be positive as well and equal to Signal 1.02 SPEED ESTIMATED. If this is not the case, the incorrect connection can be located as follows: If the direction of rotation is correct and signal 1.03 SPEED MEASURED is negative, the phasing of the pulse encoder channel wires is reversed. If the direction of rotation is incorrect and signal 1.03 SPEED MEASURED is negative, the motor cables are connected incorrectly. If the direction of rotation is incorrect and signal 1.03 SPEED MEASURED is positive, both the motor and the pulse encoder are connected incorrectly. Changing the direction: Disconnect mains power from the ACS 600, and wait about 5 minutes for the intermediate circuit capacitors to discharge. Do the necessary changes and verify by applying mains power and starting the motor again. Check that the speed actual value is positive. Check that the signals SPEED ESTIMATED and SPEED MEASURED are the same SPEED ESTIMATED 1.03 SPEED MEASURED Stop the motor. 2-6 ACS 600 Firmware Manual, System Application Program 6.x 21 Chapter 2 Start-up START-UP PROCEDURE 3.2 Selecting the Motor ID Run Mode Warning. The motor will run at up to approximately 50% - 80% of nominal speed during the Motor ID Run.The ID Run may take a few minutes, depending on motor size. Select the STANDARD OR REDUCED ID Run if operation point is near zero speed, maximum dynamic torque performance is required (motor model optimisation) and operation without a pulse encoder is required. Select the FIRST START ID Run if it is a pump or fan application, there are drive sections in which more than one motor is connected to one inverter. See 3.3 Multi-Motor Drives. Note: The Motor ID Run cannot be performed if scalar control mode is selected for motor control (Parameter MOTOR CTRL MODE is set to SCALAR).

The Standard Motor ID run can also be performed if the machinery is coupled and there is only inertia but no continuous load. In this case the ID Run may take much longer than without any load. WARNING! If the Standard ID run is to be performed with the machinery coupled to the motor, make sure the machinery is able to with stand the fast speed changes during the ID Run. Otherwise select the Reduced ID Run. Start the motor. The motor stops after the ID Run has been performed. ACS 600 Firmware Manual, System Application Program 6.x 2-7 22 Chapter 2 Start-up START-UP PROCEDURE Note: If the Motor ID Run has not been successfully performed (for example it does not finish), see Chapter Fault Tracing. The motors must have the same relative slip, nominal voltage and number of poles. Notice! If scalar control is used, then these limitations are not effective. Set the sum of motor nominal currents MOTOR NOM CURRENT Set the sum of motor nominal powers MOTOR NOM POWER If the powers of the motors are close to each other or the same, but nominal speeds vary a little, Parameter MOTOR NOM SPEED can be set to an average value of the motor speeds MOTOR NOM SPEED If the powers of the motors vary a great deal, then use of scalar control is recommended. Notice! If scalar control is used then these limitations are not effective. Set the frequency of the motors (must be same) MOTOR NOM FREQ The Motor ID Run can be performed with all the motors connected or without load MOTOR ID RUN 4. OPTIMISING THE STARTING TIME AND TORQUE Select the start function. The fastest starting is achieved when Parameter START FUNCTION is set to 1 (AUTO, flying start). Note: No support for flying start function. When CONST DC MAGN mode is used: shaft movement during the magnetising can be minimised. Set the limit parameters according to process requirements START FUNCTION START JERK COMP Parameter Group 20 LIMITS 2-8 ACS 600 Firmware Manual, System Application Program 6.x 23 Chapter 2 Start-up 5.

MOTOR PROTECTIONS 5.1 Motor Thermal Model Protection START-UP PROCEDURE Select the motor thermal model protection mode. Note: DTC mode is used for ABB motors with I N up to 800 A. Above that USER MODE is the only valid selection MOTOR THERM PMODE With USER MODE set according to motor manufacturer data. With DTC mode Select the protection function for the motor thermal model protection. Especially with forced cooling of the motor ZERO SPEED LOAD Set the break point value for motor load curve BREAK POINT Set the temperature alarm limit of the motor thermal model. Set the temperature trip limit of the motor thermal model THERM MOD ALM L THERM MOD FLT L Set the motor nominal temperature rise. To achieve the best possible result, the step response tests should be carried out at different speeds, from minimum speed up to maximum speed. The speed control values obtained depend mainly on: Flux reference FLUX REF. The relationship between the motor power and the rotating mass. Backlashes in the drive's mechanical structure (filtering). If the TSU is in the diode bridge mode, an overvoltage alarm may trip the drive section when a stepped change down is given. The function is based on an estimate of the mechanical time constant. If this does not bring a satisfactory result, manual tuning can be performed as well. Manual Tuning Select, for example, the following signals on the DriveWindow Monitoring Tool: 1.07 MOTOR TORQUE FILT2, actual torque 1.03 SPEED MEASURED, actual speed 2.03 SPEED ERROR NEG, filtered speed difference Start the motor. Increase the speed slightly. Give a speed reference step and monitor the response. Repeat at a few test values across the whole speed range. Set step changes of 1% or 2% from the maximum speed of the drive for DriveWindow. Optimise the P part of the speed controller: Set integration time to the maximum value. This turns the PI controller into a P controller. Give a step change up, e.g. 20 rpm.